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All components of ecosystem such as seas, rivers, air, soil and plants are all interlinked and involved. Therefore, each pollutant can change elements of the environment. Hence, in order to conserve and protect nature, the concept of International rules and regulations has gradually improved through International Organizations and conferences.International Maritime Organization (IMO) had several activities about codify International conventions in relation to responsibilities of pollution at seas. IMO has always tried to provide the relevant conventions and to encourage countries to join them and help victims of environmental damage.

The advent of non-state Organizations and their involvement in the global arena since the end of the Cold War have brought about substantial changes in the comprehension of public diplomacy and its role within world systems. By conducting an examination of the influencers present in Shia doctrines, this study seeks to clarify the aspects of “faith-based diplomacy” and offer guidance on how the Shia clerical institution can further its diplomatic objectives Internationally. From a theoretical standpoint, the study places significant emphasis on the notion of balance of power in its examination of the trajectory of Shia diplomacy. The article examines the theoretical inquiry into the manner in which public diplomacy operates within the Shia faith to further its objectives and establish equilibrium beyond the confines of nation-states. This study aims to examine the hypothesis that the public diplomacy practices of the Shia faith are grounded in the consensus reached by its adherents concerning the fundamental principles and underpinnings of Shia political culture, namely Imamate and justice. By utilizing three distinct forms of diplomacy—specifically, “exchange,” “aid,” and “cultural” diplomacy—its objective is to cultivate the necessary capabilities to accomplish the common goals of Shiites and promote equilibrium among rival communities. This study investigates contemporary Shiite diplomacy in a global context through the application of a “interpretive method” and a comprehensive analysis of scholarly, documentary, and library materials. The findings of this research emphasize the critical significance of faith-based diplomacy in influencing forthcoming global affairs. Furthermore, the article sheds light on the capacity of the Shi'ite institution to utilize its resources and faith-driven diplomatic abilities to facilitate the concurrent growth of its impact on a national and global scale, thus promoting stable equilibriums in the global sphere. This inquiry further demonstrates the significant influence that religious viewpoints have on the formation of geopolitical dynamics.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is considered a specialized agency responsible for regulating various maritime issues, including civil liability for offshore oil pollution. The important point in this regard is to identify and operationalize the process of compensation for damage to people and the marine environment. This descriptive-analytical study hence aims to evaluate the performance of IMO in terms of civil liability for offshore oil pollution. This study also discusses the liabilities of ships carrying oil products and how they compensate for possible damage and loss. The first issue raised after any marine accident causing oil pollution is the liabilities of the shipowner and how they should compensate for the damage and losses. According to the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC), the owners of oil tankers are responsible for adequate compensation for damage and losses caused by oil pollution. In fact, IMO has developed a unique and complete legal system for civil liability for offshore oil pollution. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the scope, characteristics, and legal functions of International conventions in this regard. In fact, the general principles of these conventions are evaluated that and then their features, functions, weaknesses, and strengths will be described.

The conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by the Ottomans compelled Europeans to open new routes for their high profited trade with the East which had been fundamentally damaged. Their sea voyages reached them to unknown spaces for profit-making on both east and west side of the Atlantic. The Mercantilism was momentum and at the same time a theorizing device for their endeavours. Slaves, as commercial commodities and the labour-force, were of the greatest profit and played an undeniable role for the industrialization, the genesis of the Industrial Revolution, and the misery of workers as one of its by-products. In 1919 International Labour Organization was founded as an evolutionary response to the dreadful conditions of workers, and for the strengthening of weakened bases of the liberal economic system. The Conditions and weakness had roots in European expansions and developments. The foundation was also a reactionary measure against the expansion of social uprisings all over the Europe and America, which might be led to the downfall of liberal governments in industrialized countries by adopting the Russian Revolution model.

In this article, it is argued that Members States do not normally incur liability for damages caused by the acts of International Organizations of which they are members. Member State liability can only be found in cases in which some intervening state conduct in functions of Organization can be established, as is laid down in Part 5 of the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations, drawn up by the by the International Law Commission in 2009. A strict interpretation of the principle that the Organizational functions should be respected may prevent Member State intervention in the affairs of the Organization.